sábado, 20 de janeiro de 2024

Shadow Attacks … The Smallest Attack Vector Ever

In July 2020, we introduced a novel attack class called Shadow Attacks. In our recent research, we discovered a new variant of the attack which relies only on an Incremental Update containing a malicious trailer.
A proof-of-concept exploit working on Foxit (Version: 11.0.1.49938) can be downloaded here.

The story so far ...

Shadow attacks are attacks bypassing the integrity protection of digitally signed PDF documents. The attacks abuse two legitimate features in PDF documents which we briefly explain.

Hiding Content

In PDFs, there are multiple techniques to hide content that is not displayed when the document is opened. We, as attackers, usually hide malicious objects without referencing them in the xref section.

Incremental Updates

New content can be appended to a signed PDF document. This is quite dangerous though. The digital signature in PDFs protects a specific range of bytes. Any appended content does not break the signature verification since it is outside this range. As a result, any new Incremental Update does not violate the cryptographic verification of the digital signature. 
But, Incremental Updates are quite dangerous since they may completely change the displayed content of the document. In 2019, we showed different techniques based on Incremental Updates – the Incremental Saving Attacks.
As a countermeasure, most vendors warn if additional content is added after signing the document. BUT … not always!!!
 
There are meaningful use cases where Incremental Updates in digitally signed documents are allowed. For instance, contracts should be signed by multiple parties and each new signature is applied via additional Incremental Update.
Also, PAdES defines Incremental Updates as part of the long-term validation of digitally signed PDFs.
In summary, Incremental Updates are painful from a security perspective. Currently, vendors are trying to estimate whether an Incremental Update is malicious or not by analyzing its content.

Shadow Attacks

Shadow attacks, in general, deceive the PDF applications that an Incremental Update is not malicious. This can be done by providing an Incremental Update with minimal content.
In 2020, we estimated that appending an xref section and a trailer is sufficient to bypass the detection mechanisms of popular applications such as Adobe Reader and Foxit Reader.

Trailer-based Shadow Attack

Three months ago, we tried to reduce the content of the malicious Incremental Update. Our idea was to use only a malicious trailer and still change the content of the entire document when it is opened. Let's see how this can be done. 


The Signer's view on the document

 If a signer gets the document depicted on the left side, he or she sees the content "Sign the document to get a reward".
The document contains a hidden content depicted as red text – the 4 0 obj containing the text "You are fired. Get out immediately" and an xref section pointing to that object. However, the trailer references another xref section, see (1) and (2). Thus, the red text is never shown.
From the signer's perspective, there is no possibility to detect the hidden content by opening and reviewing the document.
As a result, the signer, for example the company director, signs the document.

The Victim's view on the document

We assume that the attacker receives the signed document and manipulates it.
The attacker appends only a trailer that points to the hidden malicious xref section (the red one). When the victim opens the document, the content "You are fired. Get out immediately" is shown.
However, the digital signature validation does not throw any warning since … well … what could go wrong if only a trailer is appended.
 

Honest vs. Malicious Trailer

There are small differences between the honest and the malicious trailer– the byte position of the xref section. Now, the trailer points to the hidden xref section.
trailer
<<
/Size 23
/Prev 18735
/Root 13 0 R
]>>
Honest trailer
trailer
<<
/Size 23
/Prev 19192
/Root 13 0 R
]>>
Malicious trailer
 
 



Impact and Exploit

We successfully applied the new attack on Foxit Reader (Version: 11.0.1.49938). We promptly reported the vulnerability and provided a Proof-of-Concept (PoC) exploit, known as CVE-2021-40326.
Foxit acknowledged the attack and published a security fix with the new version Foxit Reader 11.1.
 
We are not aware of any further implementations vulnerable to this attack.
If you think that your application might be vulnerable to the attack, then just download the exploit and test on your own.
 

Authors of this post

Vladislav Mladenov

Simon Rohlmann

Christian Mainka

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Potao Express Samples

http://www.welivesecurity.com/2015/07/30/operation-potao-express/

http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Operation-Potao-Express_final_v2.pdf


TL; DR


2011- July 2015
  • Aka  Sapotao and node69
  • Group - Sandworm / Quedagh APT
  • Vectors - USB, exe as doc, xls
  • Victims - RU, BY, AM, GE 
  • Victims - MMM group, UA gov
  • truecryptrussia.ru has been serving modified versions of the encryption software (Win32/FakeTC) that included a backdoor to selected targets. 
  • Win32/FakeTC - data theft from encrypted drives
  • The Potao main DLL only takes care of its core functionality; the actual spying functions are implemented in the form of downloadable modules. The plugins are downloaded each time the malware starts, since they aren't stored on the hard drive.
  • 1st Full Plugin and its export function is called Plug. Full plugins run continuously until the infected system is restarted
  • 2nd Light Plugin with an export function Scan. Light plugins terminate immediately after returning a buffer with the information they harvested off the victim's machine.
  • Some of the plugins were signed with a certificate issued to "Grandtorg":
  • Traffic 
  • Strong encryption. The data sent is encapsulated using the XML-RPC protocol.
  • MethodName value 10a7d030-1a61-11e3-beea-001c42e2a08b is always present in Potao traffic.
  • After receiving the request the C&C server generates an RSA-2048 public key and signs this generated key with another, static RSA-2048 private key .
  • In 2nd stage the malware generates a symmetric AES-256 key. This AES session key is encrypted with the newly received RSA-2048 public key and sent to the C&C server.
  • The actual data exchange after the key exchange is then encrypted using symmetric cryptography, which is faster, with the AES-256 key
  • The Potao malware sends an encrypted request to the server with computer ID, campaign ID, OS version, version of malware, computer name, current privileges, OS architecture (64 or 32bits) and also the name of the current process.
  • Potao USB - uses social engineering, exe in the root disguised as drive icon
  • Potao Anti RE -  uses the MurmurHash2 algorithm for computing the hashes of the API function names.
  • Potao Anti RE - encryption of strings
  • Russian TrueCrypt Win32/FakeTC - The malicious program code within the otherwise functional TrueCrypt software runs in its own thread. This thread, created at the end of the Mount function, enumerates files on the mounted encrypted drive, and if certain conditions are met, it connects to the C&C server, ready to execute commands from the attackers.
  • IOC https://github.com/eset/malware-ioc/tree/master/potao

TypeSHA256MD5
1stVersion1fe6af3d704d2fc0c7acd58b069a31eec866668ec6e25f52354e6e61266db8db85b0e3264820008a30f17ca19332fa19
1stVersion2ff0941fe3514abc12484ad2853d22fd7cb36469a313b5ecb6ef0c6391cf78abac854a3c91d52bfc09605506e76975ae
1stVersion54a76f5cd5a32ed7d5fa78e5d8311bafc0de57a475bc2fddc23ee4b3510b9d443b7d88a069631111d5585b1b10cccc86
1stVersion76c7c67274cf5384615a120e69be3af64cc31d9c4f05ff2031120612443c8360d1658b792dd1569abc27966083f59d44
1stVersion244c181eb442fefcf1e1daf900896bee6569481c0e885e3c63efeef86cd64c550c7183d761f15772b7e9c788be601d29
1stVersion887a721254486263f1f3f25f3c677da62ef5c062c3afa7ef70c895bc8b17b424a35e48909a49334a7ebb5448a78dcff9
1stVersion945c594aee1b5bd0f3a72abe8f5a3df74fc6ca686887db5e40fe859e3fc90bb1502f35002b1a95f1ae135baff6cff836
1stVersionab8d308fd59a8db8a130fcfdb6db56c4f7717877c465be98f71284bdfccdfa25a446ced5db1de877cf78f77741e2a804
1stVersionb22a614a291111398657cf8d1fa64fa50ed9c66c66a0b09d08c53972c6536766d939a05e1e3c9d7b6127d503c025dbc4
1stVersionfcfdcbdd60f105af1362cfeb3decbbbbe09d5fc82bde6ee8dfd846b2b844f97214634d446471b9e2f55158d9ac09d0b2
DebugVersion910f55e1c4e75696405e158e40b55238d767730c60119539b644ef3e6bc32a5d7263a328f0d47c76b4e103546b648484
DebugVersionc821cb34c86ec259af37c389a8f6cd635d98753576c675882c9896025a1abc53bdc9255df5385f534fea83b497c371c8
DebugVersionf845778c3f2e3272145621776a90f662ee9344e3ae550c76f65fd954e7277d195199fcd031987834ed3121fb316f4970
Droppersfrompostalsites4dcf14c41b31f8accf9683917bfc9159b9178d6fe36227195fabc232909452af65f494580c95e10541d1f377c0a7bd49
Droppersfrompostalsites8bc189dee0a71b3a8a1767e95cc726e13808ed7d2e9546a9d6b6843cea5eb3bda4b0615cb639607e6905437dd900c059
Droppersfrompostalsites048621ecf8f25133b2b09d512bb0fe15fc274ec7cb2ccc966aeb44d7a88beb5b07e99b2f572b84af5c4504c23f1653bb
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Droppersfrompostalsitesc66955f667e9045ea5591ebf9b59246ad86227f174ea817d1398815a292b8c88579ad4a596602a10b7cf4659b6b6909d
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Dropperswdecoy61dd8b60ac35e91771d9ed4f337cd63e0aa6d0a0c5a17bb28cac59b3c21c24a9d755e52ba5658a639c778c22d1a906a3
Dropperswdecoy4328b06093a4ad01f828dc837053cb058fe00f3a7fd5cfb9d1ff7feb7ebb8e32b4d909077aa25f31386722e716a5305c
Dropperswdecoy15760f0979f2ba1b4d991f19e8b59fc1e61632fcc88755a4d147c0f5d47965c5fc4b285088413127b6d827656b9d0481
Dropperswdecoyb9c285f485421177e616a148410ddc5b02e43f0af375d3141b7e829f7d487bfd73e7ee83133a175b815059f1af79ab1b
Dropperswdecoycf3b0d8e9a7d0ad32351ade0c52de583b5ca2f72e5af4adbf638c81f4ad8fbcbeebbcb1ed5f5606aec296168dee39166
Dropperswdecoydbc1b98b1df1d9c2dc8a5635682ed44a91df6359264ed63370724afa9f19c7ee5a24a7370f35dbdbb81adf52e769a442
FakeTrueCryptextractedexe4c01ffcc90e6271374b34b252fefb5d6fffda29f6ad645a879a159f78e095979b64dbe5817b24d17a0404e9b2606ad96
FakeTrueCryptextractedexe5de8c04a77e37dc1860da490453085506f8aa378fbc7d811128694d8581b89ba7ca6101c2ae4838fbbd7ceb0b2354e43
FakeTrueCryptextractedexe73aae05fab96290cabbe4b0ec561d2f6d79da71834509c4b1f4b9ae714159b42f64704ed25f4c728af996eee3ee85411
FakeTrueCryptextractedexec7212d249b5eb7e2cea948a173ce96e1d2b8c44dcc2bb1d101dce64bb3f5beccc1f715ff0afc78af81d215d485cc235c
FakeTrueCryptSetup42028874fae37ad9dc89eb37149ecb1e6439869918309a07f056924c1b981deff34b77f7b2233ee6f727d59fb28f438a
FakeTrueCryptSetupa3a43bbc69e24c0bc3ab06fbf3ccc35cf8687e2862f86fb0d269258b68c710c9babd17701cbe876149dc07e68ec7ca4f
FakeTrueCryptSetupb8844e5b72971fe67d2905e77ddaa3366ae1c3bead92be6effd58691bc1ff8eccfc8901fe6a9a8299087bfc73ae8909e
FakeTrueCryptSetupfe3547f0e052c71f872bf09cdc1654137ee68f878fc6d5a78df16a13e6de176883f3ec97a95595ebe40a75e94c98a7bd
OtherDroppers2de76a3c07344ce322151dbb42febdff97ade8176466a3af07e5280bd859a18638e708fea8016520cb25d3cb933f2244
OtherDroppers4e88b8b121d768c611fe16ae1f008502b2191edc6f2ee84fef7b12b4d86fe000360df4c2f2b99052c07e08edbe15ab2c
OtherDroppers29dfc81b400a1400782623c618cb1d507f5d17bb13de44f123a333093648048f89a3ea3967745e04199ebf222494452e
OtherDroppers97afe4b12a9fed40ad20ab191ba0a577f5a46cbfb307e118a7ae69d04adc2e2d6ba88e8e74b12c914483c026ae92eb42
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OtherDroppersb62589ee5ba94d15edcf8613e3d57255dd7a12fce6d2dbd660fd7281ce6234f411b4e7ea6bae19a29343ae3ff3fb00ca
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OtherDroppersf1f61a0f9488be3925665f8063006f90fab1bf0bd0b6ff5f7799f8995ff8960e1ab8d45656e245aca4e59aa0519f6ba0
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Cynet's Keys To Extend Threat Visibility

 


We hear about the need for better visibility in the cybersecurity space – detecting threats earlier and more accurately. We often hear about the dwell time and the time to identify and contain a data breach. Many of us are familiar with IBM's Cost of a Data Breach Report that has been tracking this statistic for years. In the 2021 report, IBM found that, on average, it takes an average of 212 days to identify a breach and then another 75 days to contain the breach, for a total of 287 days.

A new solution overview document provides insights on how XDR provider Cynet tackles the difficult problem of greatly improving threat visibility. Cynet takes a modern approach that includes a greater level of native technology integration and advanced automation purposely designed for organizations with smaller security teams than Fortune 500 organizations. A live webinar will discuss the same topic (Register here)

Cynet's Keys for Threat Visibility

Einstein said that the definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over while expecting a different outcome. The old approach to threat visibility involving multiple protection technologies and trying to sift through a sea of alerts and information is obviously not working well. Cynet's different – and seemingly saner – approach to prevent, detect, and respond to modern-day threats involves several integrated capabilities.

According to the new Cynet solution overview, the following key technologies are used to provide extended threat visibility along with enhanced response capabilities.

Include Multiple Threat Detection Technologies

Cynet includes multiple prevention and detection technologies, all natively orchestrated in the platform:

  • NGAV – Fundamental endpoint protection based on known bad signatures and behaviors.
  • EDR – To detect and prevent more complex endpoint threats that bypass NGAV solutions.
  • NTA – To detect threats that have made their way into the network and so-called lateral movement.
  • UBA – To detect unusual activity that could signal stolen credentials, a rogue insider, or bots.
  • Deception – To uncover intrusions that have bypassed other detection technologies
  • CLM – To mine the extensive log data generated by IT systems.
  • SSPM – To find and correct configuration errors in SaaS applications.

Coordinate All Signals

Making sense out of multiple detection technologies by integrating, coordinating, and prioritizing information was supposed to be the realm of Security Incident and Event Management (SIEM) technologies. Unfortunately, SIEM doesn't do well with real-time data and requires significant care and feeding.

XDR solutions, like Cynet's, are purpose-built to integrate real-time signals from multiple points of telemetry on a single platform. Cynet even includes an Incident Engine that automatically investigates threats to determine the attack's full scope and root cause.

Automate All Response Actions

Quickly and accurately identifying threats is a game-changer. The ability to automatically and fully eradicate identified threats is, well, a game-changer changer. This means security teams won't have to be burdened with lengthy investigations, which many don't have the time or skills to undertake. Cynet provides an extensive set of remediation actions across files, hosts, networks and users as well as remediation playbooks that can be configured to be invoked manually or automatically.

Provide Full MDR Oversight

Beyond the technology platform, Cynet offers all clients a full, 24x7 MDR service at no additional cost. This team continuously monitors client environments to ensure nothing dangerous is overlooked or mishandled. Having an expert team watching out for issues should put smaller organizations with smaller security teams at ease, knowing an expert team of cybersecurity experts has their backs.

In With the New

With the time required to identify and contain data breaches steadily increasing, we need to rethink the traditional cybersecurity approach. It seems companies keep throwing more money, more technology, and more bodies at the problem, yet achieving the same (or worse) results. Cynet is one company that seems to be approaching the problem differently by combining multiple prevention, detection, response, and automation capabilities on a single, unified breach protection platform. Rather than buying all this stuff separately and munging it all together, the Cynet platform seems to expand and improve threat visibility out of the box.

Download the solution brief here

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